| ACTION | WINDOWS XP/VISTA/7 | Mac OS | KDE | GNOME |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activate Menu bar | Alt | Ctrl+F2 | Alt+F1 | |
| File menu | Alt+F | Alt+F | Alt+F | |
| Edit menu | Alt+E | Alt+E | Alt+E | |
| View menu | Alt+V | Alt+V | Alt+V | |
| Cycle through opened items | Alt+Esc | |||
| Undo the last operation | Ctrl+Z | ⌘ Cmd+Z | Ctrl+Z | Ctrl+Z |
| Redo the last operation | Ctrl+Y | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Z | ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Z | ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Z |
| Cut the selected area and store it in the clipboard | Ctrl+X or ⇧ Shift+Del | ⌘ Cmd+X | Ctrl+X | Ctrl+X |
| Copy the selected area into the clipboard | Ctrl+C, or Ctrl+Ins | ⌘ Cmd+C | Ctrl+C | Ctrl+C |
| Paste contents of clipboard at cursor | Ctrl+V, or ⇧ Shift+Ins | ⌘ Cmd+V | Ctrl+V | Ctrl+V |
| Paste special | Ctrl+Alt+V | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V | |
| Select everything in focused control or window | Ctrl+A | ⌘ Cmd+A | Ctrl+A | Ctrl+A |
| Toggle between installed keyboard languages | ⇧ Shift+Alt | ⌘ Cmd+Space (activates Spotlight instead on OS X ≥ v10.4) |
Text editing
Many of these commands may be combined with ⇧ Shift to select a region of text.[1]
| ACTION | WINDOWS XP/VISTA/7 | MAC OS | KDE | GNOME |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| delete char to the right of cursor | Del | fn+← Backspace | Del | |
| start of line | Home | ⌘ Cmd+← or Ctrl+A | Home | Home |
| end of line | End | ⌘ Cmd+→ or Ctrl+E | End | End |
| end of document | Ctrl + End | ⌘ Cmd+↓ | Ctrl + End | Ctrl + End |
| previous word | Ctrl+← | ⌥ Opt+← | Ctrl+← | Ctrl+← |
| next word | Ctrl+→ | ⌥ Opt+→ | Ctrl+→ | Ctrl+→ |
| previous line break | Ctrl+↑ | ⌥ Opt+↑ | Ctrl+↑ (kword) | Ctrl+↑ |
| next line break | Ctrl+↓ | ⌥ Opt+↓ | Ctrl+↓ (kword) | Ctrl+↓ |
| search | Ctrl+F | ⌘ Cmd+F ⌘ Cmd+E (Search with current selection) | Ctrl+F Ctrl+K (interactive search) | |
| next search result | F3 | ⌘ Cmd+G | Ctrl+G | |
| previous search result | ⇧ Shift+F3 | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G | ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+G | |
| search and replace | Ctrl+H | ⌘ Cmd+F | Ctrl+H |
Web browsers
| ACTION | WINDOWS XP/VISTA/7 | MAC OS | KDE | GNOME |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bookmarks menu | Ctrl+B | ⌘ Cmd+B (Firefox) | Alt+B | Alt+B |
| URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .com) | Ctrl+↵ Enter | Ctrl+↵ Enter | Ctrl+↵ Enter | Ctrl+↵ Enter |
| URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .org) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter |
| URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .net) | ⇧ Shift +↵ Enter | ⇧ Shift +↵ Enter | ⇧ Shift +↵ Enter | ⇧ Shift +↵ Enter |
| Add bookmark for current page | Ctrl+D | ⌘ Cmd+D | Ctrl+B | Ctrl+D |
| Manage bookmarks | Ctrl+B | ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+B (Chrome/Safari) or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+B (Firefox) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R | Ctrl+B |
| Web Search | Ctrl+E | ⌘ Cmd+E | ||
| Focus and Select Address Bar | Ctrl+L or F6 | ⌘ Cmd+L | Ctrl+L or F6 | |
| Refresh a Webpage | F5 or Ctrl+R | ⌘ Cmd+R | F5 or Ctrl+R | F5 or Ctrl+R |
| Open a New Tab | Ctrl+T | ⌘ Cmd+T | Ctrl+T | |
| Close a Current Tab | Ctrl+W | ⌘ Cmd+W | Ctrl+W | |
| Zoom Options (zoom in +, zoom out -, zoom 100%) | Ctrl++ and Ctrl+- and Ctrl+0 | ⌘ Cmd++ and ⌘ Cmd+- and ⌘ Cmd+0 | Ctrl++ and Ctrl+- and Ctrl+0 | Ctrl++ and Ctrl+- and Ctrl+0 |
Action | Windows XP / Vista / 7 | Mac OS | KDE | GNOME |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Go to Browser | Alt+D or Alt+C according language | ⌘ Cmd+L | ||
| Go to the previous location in history | Alt+← or ← Backspace(Internet Explorer) | ⌘ Cmd+[ or ⌘ Cmd+← | Alt+← | Alt+← |
| Go to the next location in history | Alt+→ | ⌘ Cmd+] or ⌘ Cmd+→ | Alt+→ | Alt+→ |
| Go up one level in the navigation hierarchy | Alt+↑(Vista only) or ← Backspace(Windows Explorer) | ⌘ Cmd+↑ | Alt+↑ | Alt+↑ |
| Go to the starting page defined by the user or application | Alt+Home | ⌘ Cmd+Home | Ctrl+Home | Alt+Home |
Text formatting
| Action | Windows XP / Vista / 7 | Mac OS | KDE | GNOME |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Make selected text bold/regular | Ctrl+B | ⌘ Cmd+B | Ctrl+B | Ctrl+B |
| Toggle underlining of selected text | Ctrl+U | ⌘ Cmd+U | Ctrl+U | Ctrl+U |
| Make selected text italic/regular | Ctrl+I | ⌘ Cmd+I | Ctrl+I | Ctrl+I |
| Change to upper/lower case | ⇧ Shift+F3 | ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+C | ||
| Make selected text superscript | Ctrl+⇧ Shift++ | |||
| Make selected text subscript | Ctrl++ |
Window management
| Action | Windows XP / Vista / 7 | Mac OS | KDE | GNOME |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Switch to next/previous focused window | Alt+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Tab ⇆ | ⌘ Cmd+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Tab ⇆ | Alt+Tab ⇆ | Alt+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Tab ⇆ |
| Switch focus to the next/previous window (without dialog) | Alt+Esc / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Esc | ⌘ Cmd+` or Ctrl+F4 (or fn+Ctrl+F4 on some systems) | Alt+Esc / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Esc/mini | |
| Switch focus to the next/previous tab within a window | Ctrl+Tab ⇆ | |||
| Switch focus to the next/previous panel on the desktop | Ctrl+Alt+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Tab ⇆ | |||
| Switch focus to the next/previous panel (without dialog) | Ctrl+Alt+Esc / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Esc | |||
| Pop up window menu | Alt+Space | Alt+F3 | Alt+Space | |
| Close the focused window | Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 or Alt+Space then C or Ctrl + W | ⌘ Cmd+W | Alt+F4 | Alt+F4 |
| Restore the focused window to its previous size | Alt+Space then R | Alt+F5 | ||
| Move the focused window | Alt+Space then M then Arrow Keys | Alt+Mouse / Alt+F3 then M then Arrow Keys | Alt+Mouse / Alt+F7 then Arrow Keys | |
| Resize the focused window | Alt+Space then S then Arrow Keys | Alt+F3 then S then Arrow Keys | Alt+F8 then Arrow Keys | |
| Hide the focused window | ⌘ Cmd+H | |||
| Minimize the focused window | Alt+Space then N, or ⊞ Win+↓ (Windows 7 only) | ⌘ Cmd+M | Alt+F9 | |
| Maximize the focused window | Alt+Space then X, or ⊞ Win+↑ (Windows 7 only) | Alt+F10 | ||
| Maximize horizontally | ||||
| Maximize vertically | ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↑ (Windows 7 only) | |||
| Minimize all | ⊞ Win+M or ⊞ Win+D | ⌘ Cmd+Alt+M | Available, but no default | Ctrl+Alt+D |
| Minimize all non focused windows | ⊞ Win+Home (Windows 7 only?) | Available, but no default | ||
| Undo minimize all | ⇧ Shift+⊞ Win+M | Available, but no default | Ctrl+Alt+D | |
| Switch fullscreen/normal size | F11 | F11 | F11 | |
| Show the window in full screen mode, with no border, menubar, toolbar or statusbar | Depends on application | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F | Ctrl+F11 | |
| Rollup/down window | Available, but no default | Alt+F12 | ||
| Show all open windows | F9 | |||
| Show all windows of current application | F10 | |||
| Show all workspaces | F8 | |||
| Move window to left/right/up/down workspace | ⊞ Win+ctrl+arrow keys | Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+ ← / → / ↑ / ↓ | ||
| Move window to workspace n | Available, but no default | |||
| Switch to next/previous workspace | ⌘ Cmd+Tab ⇆ / ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ | |||
| Switch to next/previous workspace list | 'Available, but no default | |||
| Go to workspace n | ⊞ Win + D | Ctrl+n | Ctrl+Fn | |
| Go to left/right/up/down workspace | [2] | Ctrl+← / Ctrl+→ / |Ctrl+↑ / |Ctrl+↓ (OS X ≥ 10.5 only) | Ctrl+Alt+← / → / ↑ / ↓ | |
| Show / hide desktop | ⊞ Win+D | F11 | Ctrl+Alt+D | Ctrl+Alt+D user specific, no default |
| Activate window demanding attention | ||||
| Kill application of current window | Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 varies [3] | ⌘ Cmd+Q [4] | Ctrl+Alt+Esc | |
| Close dialog | Esc | Esc | ||
| Open/Focus (preview) pinned program on the taskbar | ⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows 7 Taskbar (Windows 7 only) | |||
| Open new program window of the pinned program on the taskbar (if program is already opened) | ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows 7 Taskbar (Windows 7 only) | |||
| Focus the first taskbar entry. Pressing again will cycle through them | ⊞ Win+T , you can can ←→ back and forth. Hold ⇧ Shift to cycle backwards (Windows 7 only) | |||
| Peek at the desktop | ⊞ Win+Space (Windows 7 only) | F11 | ||
| Bring gadgets to the front of the Z-order | ⊞ Win+G (Windows 7 only) | |||
| Open the Run dialog box | ⊞ Win+R (Windows XP,7) | |||
| Open the Search dialog box | ⊞ Win+F (Windows XP,7) | |||
| External display options (mirror, extend desktop, etc.) | ⊞ Win+P (Windows 7 only) |
| Action | Windows XP / Vista / 7 | Mac OS | KDE | GNOME |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moves keyboard focus to next/previous control | Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ | Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ | Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ Ctrl+Tab ⇆ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Tab ⇆ | |
| Pop up tooltip for currently focused control | ⇧ Shift+F1 | Ctrl+F1 | ||
| Show context-sensitive help for currently focused window or control | ⇧ Shift+F1 | ⌘ Cmd+? | ⇧ Shift+F1 | ⇧ Shift+F1 |
| Give focus to next/previous pane | Ctrl+F6 / Alt+F6 | ⌘ Cmd+` | F6 / ⇧ Shift+F6 | |
| Give focus to splitter bar in paned window | F8 | |||
| Give focus to window's menu bar | F10 or Alt | Ctrl+F2 | Alt | F10 |
| Pop up contextual menu for currently selected objects (aka context menu) | ⇧ Shift+F10 or ≣ Menu | Varies with laptop / extended keyboard type; enable Mouse keys in Universal Access, then Function+Ctrl+5 or Ctrl+5 (numeric keypad) or Function+Ctrl+i (laptop) | ≣ Menu | ⇧ Shift+F10 |
| Toggle selected state of focused checkbox, radio button, or toggle button | Space | Space | Space | Space |
| Activate focused button, menu item etc. | ↵ Enter | Space (also ↵ Enter for menu items) | ↵ Enter | ↵ Enter |
| Select/move to first/last item in selected widget | Home / End | Home / End | ||
| Scroll selected view by one page up/left/down/right | ⇞ / ⇟ | PageUp / Ctrl+PageUp / PageDown / Ctrl+PageDown | ||
| Scroll selected view to top/bottom | ↖ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↖ ↘ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↘ |
Tab management
| Action | Windows XP / Vista / 7 | Mac OS | KDE | GNOME |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Create new tab | Ctrl+T | ⌘ Cmd+T | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T or Ctrl+T | Ctrl+T |
| Close current tab | Ctrl+W | ⌘ Cmd+W | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W | Ctrl+W |
| Go to next/previous tab | Ctrl+Tab ⇆ / Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ⇆ | ⌘ Cmd+{ / ⌘ Cmd+} or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+← / ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+→ (Safari) | Ctrl+, / Ctrl+. | Ctrl+PageUp / Ctrl+PageDown |
| Action | Windows XP / Vista / 7 | Mac OS | KDE | GNOME |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Run new application | ⊞ Win+R | ⌘ Cmd+O | Alt+F2 | Alt+F2 |
| Open new browser window with same page as current | Alt+( D then ↵ Enter ) Ctrl+N (Explorer / Internet Explorer) | ⌘ Cmd+N (Non-default user option in Safari) | ||
| Start menu / Access applications | ⊞ Win or Ctrl+Esc | ⌘ Cmd+A | Alt+F1 | Alt+F1 |
| Lock desktop | ⊞ Win+L or Ctrl+Alt+Space | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject (Snow Leopard) | Ctrl+Alt+L | Ctrl+Alt+L |
| Show desktop | ⊞ Win+D or ⊞ Win+M (then use ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M to bring back all windows) | F11 | Ctrl+Alt+D | Ctrl+Alt+D |
| Switch active user | ⊞ Win+L [5] | Ctrl+Alt+L | ||
| Task manager | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc, Ctrl+Alt+Delete[6] | ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Esc | Ctrl+Esc | |
| Rename file | F2 | ↵ Enter | F2 | F2 |
Making screenshots
| Action | Windows XP / Vista / 7 | Mac OS | KDE | GNOME |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Save screenshot of entire screen as file | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3 | Print Screen | Print Screen | |
| Copy screenshot of entire screen to clipboard | Print Screen or Ctrl+Print Screen | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3 | ||
| Save screenshot of window as file | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space | Alt+Print Screen | ||
| Copy screenshot of window to clipboard | Alt+Print Screen | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space | ||
| Copy screenshot of arbitrary area to clipboard | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 | |||
| Save screenshot of arbitrary area as file | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 |
Command line shortcuts
Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used in a command line environment.
| Action | Microsoft Windows (cmd.exe) | Microsoft Windows (Windows PowerShell) | Unix/Linux/Mac OS X (bash) | Unix/Linux/Mac OS X (POSIX shell) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scroll through History of typed commands | ↑/↓ | ↑/↓ | ↑/↓ | ESC K/ESC J |
| Signal end-of-file | Ctrl+Z | Ctrl+D | ||
| Abort current command/typing | Ctrl+C | Ctrl+C | Ctrl+C | Ctrl+C |
| Erase word to the left | Ctrl+W | |||
| Erase word to the right | Alt+D | |||
| Erase line to the left | Esc | Ctrl+U | ||
| Erase line to the right | Esc | Ctrl+End | Ctrl+K | |
| Yank/paste previously erased string | Ctrl+Y | |||
| Move one word to the left (backward) | Ctrl+← | Ctrl+← | Alt+B | |
| Move one word to the right (forward) | Ctrl+→ | Ctrl+→ | Alt+F | |
| Move to beginning of line | Home | Home | Ctrl+A | |
| Move to end of line | End | End | Ctrl+E | |
| Reverse search of history | F7 | F8 | Ctrl+R | |
| Stop execution of the current job | Ctrl+Z | |||
| Insert the next character typed verbatim | Ctrl+V | |||
| Autocomplete command/file name | Tab ⇆ (if enabled e.g. via TweakUI) | Tab ⇆ | Tab ⇆ (usually once) | Esc (usually twice) |
| Scroll window up | ⇧ Shift+PageUp (older versions of Windows XP only) | ⇧ Shift+PageUp | ||
| Scroll window down | ⇧ Shift+PageDown (older versions of Windows XP only) | ⇧ Shift+PageDown |
Accessibility
| Action | Windows XP / Vista / 7 | Mac OS | KDE | GNOME |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Utility Manager | ⊞ Win+U | |||
| Sticky mouse | (Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift When your mouse goes wild and highlights from the place you clicked and you are unable to release it) | |||
| Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode | ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Ctrl+8 |
User interface shortcuts
Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used to select a User interface (UI).
| Action | Microsoft Windows | Linux X11 | Mac OS X |
|---|---|---|---|
| CLI | Ctrl+Alt+F1 to Ctrl+Alt+F6 | ||
| GUI | Usually Ctrl+Alt+F7 or Ctrl+Alt+F8 | ||
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